Note: this paper was initially written for Toronto Metropolitan University's HIS 505 in Fall 2019.
Introduction
The intersection at Yonge Street & King Street is, to this day, a busy and central intersection in Toronto and has a fairly long history as such. In tracing the buildings of this intersection it is easiest to start at the present, where knowledge is most readily available. All four buildings currently at the Yonge & King intersection are historically preserved sites which can be researched on Toronto’s Heritage Preservation Site. 1 King Street East is the Canadian Pacific Railway Building, built from 1911-13 by Darling & Pearson, assisted by Harkness and Oxley, Engineers.[1] 1 King West is the Dominion Bank Building built from 1913-14, also by Darling & Pearson, with Harkness and Oxley.[2] 2 King East is the Royal Bank of Canada built from 1913-15 by Ross & Macdonald.[3] These are all fairly contemporaneous, while the Prudential Building at 2 King Street West was not built by Peter Dickinson Associates until 1960, the youngest at this intersection.[4]
The Origins of Yonge Street
The intersection of Yonge Street & King Street first appears on a map in 1818 where an unknown mapmaker’s plan of York depicts it. This map labels all the lot owners, though the writing is somewhat small. In the northwest corner is William Buckett, northeast Charles Field, southwest is entirely illegible, southeast is possibly Robert L. B. Grey. However, it is unclear if these lots contain any buildings yet.[5] In Elmsley’s 1801 map, the intersection does not yet exist as Yonge Street ends at Lot Street without going any further south. The adjacent Toronto Street which runs alongside the jail and courts is the main street in that area.[6] At this point Yonge Street is an external road out into Ontario, intended primarily for moving military troops. The street was proposed in 1793 by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe to establish communication between York and a northern fur-trading post. It was built as a long street through what had previously been wilderness and so took some time to clear and build.[7] By 1794 a surveyor had laid out a proposed street plan which stretched from the city until close to Lake Simcoe, noting the rivers branching through the region.[8] Around 1797 David William Smith also draws a proposed map of Yonge Street.[9] These series of maps demonstrate the slow series of events which eventually led to the creation of an intersection of Yonge Street & King Street. They also give an interesting perspective on the humble origins of Yonge Street, today considered a key street in the heart of downtown Toronto.
Small Commercial Buildings: 1834-1910
From there, some history of the buildings can be filled in with research, while some remains elusive. Prior to 1829 there was no building on the southwest corner. The Globe also reports through interview with Mr. James Stitt, that a small shanty existed on the northwest corner, occupied by a sailor named William Buckett.[10] When the Lawlor family sold that land to Manufactures’ Life in 1909, previous tenant Mr. Dineen also recalls the land being given to them as a gift from a sailor.[11]
1834’s York city directory is the first available which contains street data. It lists the buildings at the intersection of Yonge and King as being 140 King in the northwest (Ware William’s China, Class, and Earthenware), 138 in the northeast (Ridout Brothers & Co. Ironmongers & Hardware),[12] 195 in the southwest (Laurie Archd. & Co. Wholesale and Retail Dry Goods), and 193 in the southeast (Crawford William, jun. General store; soon to be Peter R. A. Wines, Groceries, and Dry Goods),[13] all four buildings are retailers of some kind. However, it is unclear, particularly with the numerical disparity, whether these are actually the corner buildings. The 1856 city directory, by which point King Street has split into King Street West and King Street East lists the same business (Ridout Bros. & Co.) at the northeastern 1 King Street, suggesting that building is indeed on the corner.[14] However, it is unclear if the other buildings were built in the interim or are the same buildings with different owners. What is clear is that by 1842 Cane’s topographic map records buildings at each corner of Yonge & King, so the buildings listed in the 1856 directory are the corner buildings.[15] The Rideout Brothers remain, although the number of the becomes 2 King St E, until 1870 when the business becomes Ridout, Aikenhead & Crombie, Hardware[16] and by 1880 it has been passed on to simply Aikenhead & Crombie, still selling hardware.[17] It is not until 1893 where this building sees its first significant change in becoming the shared building of Webster A F, ticket agt; Federal Life Assce Co; James Jennings, agt; and Wabash Ry, J Richardson, agt.[18] By 1895 several of these individuals are now listed at the corner with no number while 2 King Street East is Richelieu & Ontario navigation Co; J F Dolan passenger agent; J T Towers freight agent; Beavers Line of Steamships; Great Northern Ry; and McMicken general agent.[19]
The northwestern corner, marked as 1 King St West in the 1856 directory, lists four business: Haycraft, Small & Addison, music deal’s; Mondelet, Charles, A., land agent; Gregory, S.E., commission agent; and Bradburne, C. Can Life Ass’ce agent.[20] In 1862 they are replaced by Staunton Moses, senr. Paperhangings [21] In 1878 the building is occupied by Dineen W. D. hatters and furriers.[22] In the 1897 construction journal records the Lawlor Estate hiring Messrs. Darling & Pearson as architects to build a five-story office building worth approximately $50,000. W. & D. Dineen are a line above, building a new store and office building at Yonge and Temperance.[23] Between 1893 [24] and 1903 Goad’s Atlas show this construction, with the corner building redrawn twice. In 1899 2-6 King West are combined with the back sections of Yonge Street buildings 72-82.[25] By 1903 there is simply a single square brick building drawn in that area.[26] In 1899’s city directory the building is simply labeled “The Lawlor Building” with a variety of tenants.[27]
The southeastern corner belongs to Betley & Kay, Dry Goods in the 1856 directory [28] and remains as such until it becomes simply Kay, John, Dry Goods in 1866.[29] In 1882 it is taken over by Ellis, Jas E. & Co., Jewelers.[30] As early as 1890 it is noted that the Canadian Pacific Railway is looking to build a terminal in this area since it is in the city center where both car and steamboat traffic converge,[31] and 1892 it becomes the Canadian Pacific Railway’s (CPR) property, with a variety of trains and ticket masters listed. It is during this period that the CPR building is constructed.[32] The building is visible in a photo of the 1897 celebrations of Queen Victoria’s diamond jubilee. A sign advertises it as Canadian Pacific Tickets and it has a fairly large clock on the wall, presumably to help ticket purchasers be on time for their trains.[33]
The southwestern corner has become Dowe Wm. H., Dry Goods by 1856 [34] and remains such until 1876 when it becomes Fahey Bros., Dry Goods.[35] It then is bought by the Dominion Bank. While the modern Dominion Bank Building was only built in 1914, Dominion Bank itself is the oldest company I have been able to trace at this intersection. It appears in the 1879 city directory[36] as well as being labeled in the 1880 insurance plan for the city.[37] The southwestern buildings are the only for which I have a full account, with the initial shop built in 1829 and standing until 1878 construction began on the old Dominion Bank building. This building was made with brown stone in the “Renaissance” style which was considered modern at the time. It had a frontage of 56 feet on King St W and on 53 Yonge St. [38][39] That building was then replaced with the current Dominion Bank Building.
While there are not many images this far back, a few sketches can help give context to the small shops which characterised the earlier years of this intersection. One such sketch drawn from memory in Landmarks of Toronto shows a fairly quiet intersection of shops, one labelled Dry Goods in large signage.[40]
Toronto’s Early “Skyscrapers”: 1910-1959
Between 1910[41] and 1913 Goad’s Atlas shows the construction on the east side of Yonge Street. The corner buildings in 1913 are both larger and now labeled, the south as C.P.R.Y. Building and the north is simply labeled building.[42] The 1911 directory lists it as Rutherford Edward Drugs[43] until the purchase and construction of the Royal Bank in 1915. The Royal Bank Building houses a variety of primarily large, corporate tenants in its 20 floors.[44] By 1924, the Dominion Bank construction is also clear on the insurance plan, with a much larger building drawn at the intersection.[45] The northwest remains the smaller Lawlor Building, in 1911 occupied by Manufacturer’s Life[46] and in 1913 the Dominion Bond Building.[47]
The construction of three “skyscrapers” at that time at Yonge and King caused some concern among locals. There were property committee meetings regarding the appropriate heights of the buildings in accordance with by-laws as the 10 story Dominion Bank Building was 190 feet tall and the 20 story Royal Bank Building 250 feet. Some members petitioned for an even lower limit of 220 feet.[48] Additionally, the construction was irritating and at times dangerous. There are several reports of workmen getting injured and killed while building[49] as well as burning hot rivets falling from the Dominion Bank building onto the pavement.[50] The Globe included a picture of the construction captioned “Ruins at the Heart of the City” depicting the construction as an eyesore, ruining the appearance of the surrounding area.[51] The Toronto Star wrote an entire article warning citizens the day before there would be noisy steam riveting which would disturb people who worked around the construction zone.[52] A 1913 photo of the intersection shows boards, perhaps from the construction, piled on the southwest corner.[53] By July of 1914 the offices of the Dominion Bank Building were complete and available as rented office space.[54] The building of these office towers indicates the transition of this intersection from smaller retailers to a larger corporate workplace, a trend visible throughout the turn of the century as Dominion Bank, Canadian Pacific Railway, and Manufacturer’s Life progressively move there. Arial photos taken from the adjacent Melinda street around 1920 give a sense of the height of these new buildings on King Street in contrast to the area around them. [55] These few skyscrapers tower over the rest of the streets and shops. They are also very beautifully decorated architecturally, with rounded corners and overhangs between stories and above some windows. The buildings contain careful stone work and one even has pillars. These ancient world inspired choices stand out especially when compared with the 1960 Prudential Building. While we do not appreciate it with the current city skyline of Toronto, these buildings were tall and imposing within the context when they were built. However, several years later in 1931 the Bank of Commerce was built further down King Street, near Jordan Street. With a height of 476 feet it dwarfed even these skyscrapers as the tallest structure in the British Empire. The view from the top of that building was so high up and unobstructed that one reporter described it as a bird’s eye view and compared it to being in a plane.[56] The bank released photos of these bird’s eye views of Toronto looking west and northwest to help build some publicity and these are still available in the Archives of Ontario.[57] The building itself was enormous and photographs reveal how shockingly out of place it seemed in comparison with the city around it.[58]
There is relatively little change in the ownership of the buildings during this period, with the builders of these new towers remaining to reap the benefits of their construction. In 1920 the northwest corner becomes Ocean Insurance,[59] and then the Canadian National Building in 1925.[60] There is then stability in occupants through the 1940s and 1950s.
The Next Wave of Skyscrapers: 1960-present
In 1958, when Prudential Insurance Co. revealed its plans to build a new office building in the heart of downtown it was considered unusual. High prices downtown had pushed many companies to set up offices in the suburbs. One article described the building as the “Newest Skyscraper, Perhaps City’s Last.” The author claimed that city planners have said the time of the skyscraper is over and argued that Prudential’s high percentage of female employees who wish to go shopping during their lunch breaks is what motivated the move.[61] In reality, throughout the late 1950s a few other companies had moved their offices downtown and seen benefits in ease booking meetings and higher worker satisfaction. Prudential was also hoping to mimic the example of its large an highly visible Chicago building which was considered a “living day-to-day advertisement of Prudential” by the company’s Vice-President S. Westcott Toole.[62] Another factor in the move back downtown was the planned construction of the East-West Bloor Subway line, making the commute to the new skyscraper easier.[63]
With a new wave of downtown skyscrapers in the 1960s came new, or at times renewed, concerns. A 1959 article describes the redevelopment as an espionage drama. The Prudential Building at the northwest corner of Yonge Street & King Street was no exception, having been purchased on property costing $106 per square foot, for a total a little over $12,000,000. A developer initially proposed a building with capacity six-times the gross area of the lot which the city approved. The developer then secretly preplanned the building, now increased to fourteen-times capacity, despite a bylaw restricting buildings in the area to twelve-times. The developer argued this was not actually an excessive height in comparison to nearby buildings such as the 34-story Bank of Commerce and 25-story Bank of Nova Scotia.[64] There were many concerns about the precedent set by both the building height and the deception, and an appeal was made to the Ontario Municipal Board to overturn the city’s approval.[65] However, one newspaper article instead criticized the obsolete bylaws which were written in 1929 and argued that the Mayor should review and change them.[66] Another issue came up during construction itself as the Canadian Union of Operating Engineers picketed the Prudential Building in 1961 due to its refusal to sign an agreement with the union.[67] After a year of construction recorded in the 1960[68] city directory, the Prudential Insurance Company is listed as the occupant of 4 King Street West. The Prudential Building was designed by architect Peter Dickenson, shortly before his death. He was known for simplicity in his designs.[69] The Prudential Building is a tall rectangular building, fairly plain with its alternating rows of stone and windows.[70]It was not long after the construction of the Prudential Building that The Royal Bank of Canada announced it would build a new headquarters on King Street between Yonge and Bay in 1962. This would quickly usurp its place as the tallest building in that area, an interesting though faster parallel to the 1931 Bank of Commerce.[71]
Following the construction of the Prudential Building there have continued to be some changes in the ownership and function of the buildings, but as they grow closer to the present it becomes more difficult to study them through archival sources. In 1965 the southeast corner is taken over by The National Canada Bank.[72] By 1981 the northwest corner is The Bank of Montreal, along with a coffee and gift shop listed at the ground floor.[73] In 1985 the southeast corner has switched again, to The Bank of Credit and Commerce Canada.[74] Beyond this point, city directories become more infrequent and less detailed. The 1998 directory seems to indicate a change in the numbering system with the first buildings listed on King Street East being number 8 as ABC funds in the north and number 7 as H&R developments in the south.[75]
Reflection
To begin this project I went through the early city maps, city directories available online as well as some articles about the 1910s construction and this made up most of my draft. Since then I went to the Toronto Reference Library to access the later city directories. An issue with these later city directories was the reduction of information with the expansion of the city. Some, such as the 1994 directory, did not include King Street in their street directory. The 2001 directory list only unnumbered names in the northeast corner. Additionally, the 1995 directories were divided into two books along Yonge Street and so I had to use both the East and West Directories. I then researched the 1960s construction in the newspaper. I went over older Goad’s Insurance Plans available on Nathan Ng’s website to try and get a better sense of changes in buildings. I also began to search through archival collections of photographs and use those in conjunction with my written sources. One struggle with this project has been the level of detail involved in tracing buildings and companies through the city directory. The directory does not make clear where changes have occurred in the construction of the building or numbering, only the company or residents there. The level of cross referencing required to track changes between yearly directories or Goad’s Insurance Plans can also be somewhat overwhelming, especially on a computer where you flip back and forth through between multiple tabs. I struggled somewhat with integrating photographs, both in initially being unsure of how to use them to access information and later in the formatting of incorporating images into my paper, something I had never done before. In the end I tried to use discretion with which images were relevant enough to be included and created appendices to avoid interrupting the flow of the paper. The Prudential Building being built in 1960 gave me some difficulty finding information through certain archival means such as the construction journals so I found information about the architect and building from newspapers instead.
Appendix 1
Corner of King & Yonge, facing northeast.
The Diamond Jubilee, [King and Yonge Streets, [Toronto, Ont.], photograph, deaccessioned collection (available online), 1897, 3656315, Library and Archives Canada.
Appendix 2
Dominion Bank Building, S.W. Corner King and Yonge, Toronto, photograph, ca. 1890, F 1125-1-0-0-98, Bank Buildings, Archives of Ontario.
Appendix 3
View looking north on Yonge Street from King Street, Toronto, photograph, 1913, F 4436-0-0-0-142, Commercial Streets Automobiles, Archives of Ontario.
Appendix 4
Aerial view of Yonge Street looking north from Melinda Street to King Street, photograph, ca. 1917-1925, 3316596, Peake & Whittingham collection [graphic material], Library and Archives Canada.
Appendix 5
Yonge Street looking north from Melinda St. to King St., where streetcar is standing, photograph, 10 - 13 June 1925, 3316599, Peake & Whittingham collection [graphic material], Library and Archives Canada.
Appendix 6
Bird's Eye View of Toronto looking North-west, photograph, 1932, RG 9-7-5-0-10, Cities and Towns Cityscapes Arial Photographs, Archives of Ontario.
Appendix 7
Bird's Eye View of Toronto looking West, photograph, 1932, RG 9-7-5-0-9, Cities and Towns Cityscapes Arial Photographs, Archives of Ontario.
Appendix 8
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) Building, King St., Toronto, photograph, ca. 1930s, RG 9-7-5-0-5, Buildings Cities and Towns, Archives of Ontario.
Footnotes [1] "1 King St E" 2019, http://app.toronto.ca/HeritagePreservation/details.do?folderRsn=2437090&propertyRsn=716405. [2] "1 King St W" 2019, http://app.toronto.ca/HeritagePreservation/details.do?folderRsn=2434574&propertyRsn=683266. [3] "2 King St E" 2019http://app.toronto.ca/HeritagePreservation/details.do?folderRsn=2434323&propertyRsn=212712. [4] "2 King St W" 2019, http://app.toronto.ca/HeritagePreservation/details.do?folderRsn=2434575&propertyRsn=698423. [5] Plan of the Town of York, 1818, T 1816-3/5 Large, Toronto (Ont.) Maps, Toronto Public Library, Toronto, Canada. [6] Elmsley, John, Sketch of a part of the Town of York ... This seconde Examination done by order of the Honorable John Elmsly Esquire and performed by [blank], 1801, SR407 H26, Office of the Surveyor General, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, Canada. [7] E. A. Cruikshank, The correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe, (Ontario Historical Society, 1923) vol. 2, page 90. [8] William Chewett, Road & Communication From York to Matchedash on Gloucester Bay, 1794, 912.7134 O562, Maps, Toronto Public Library. [9] David William Smith, Yonge Street L. Ontario shewing the communications from York to Lake Simcoe with a project for settling the French Royalists, ca. 1797, A-15. AO 1406, Archives of Ontario. [10] “The New Dominion Bank,” Globe, Mar. 15, 1878. [11] “Gave Property to the Lawlors,” Toronto Star, Sep. 16 1909. [12] York commercial directory, street guide, and register, 1833-4: with almanack and calendar for 1834, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Thomas Dalton), 31. [13] Ibid., 25. [14] Brown’s Toronto General Directory, 1856, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Maclear & Co.), 42. [15] James Cane, Topographical plan of the city and liberties of Toronto in the province of Canada Surveyed, drawn and published by James Cane, Tophl. Engr., 1842, T 1842/5 Large, Toronto (Ont.) Maps, Toronto Public Library, Toronto, Canada. [16] Robertson & Cook's Toronto City Directory for 1870, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Daily Telegraph Printing House), 195. [17] Toronto Directory for 1880, “Street Directory”, (Toronto: Ontario: Might & Taylor Publishers), 104. [18] The Toronto city directory for 1893, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 236. [19] The Toronto city directory for 1895, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 218. [20] Brown’s Toronto General Directory, 1856, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Maclear & Co.), 47. [21] Hutchinson's Toronto directory 1862-63, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Lovell & Gibson, Printers and Publishers), 187. [22] Toronto directory for 1878, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Might & Taylor, Publishers), 130. [23] Canadian Architect and Builder (Toronto, Canada: C. H Mortimer Publishers, 1898), vol. 11, issue 2 , page 27. [24] Charles E. Goad, 1893 Insurance Plan of the City of Toronto, plate 6. [25] Charles E. Goad, 1899 Insurance Plan of the City of Toronto, plate 6. [26] Charles E. Goad, 1903 Insurance Plan of the City of Toronto, plate 6. [27] The Toronto city directory 1899, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 177. [28] Brown’s Toronto General Directory, 1856, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Maclear & Co.), 44. [29] Mitchell & Co.'s general directory for the city of Toronto, and gazetteer of the counties of York and Peel for 1866, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Mitchell & Co. Publishers), 54. [30] Toronto directory for 1882, “Street Directory,” (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 102. [31] “The Water Front Patents,” Globe, Jul. 23, 1890. [32] The Toronto city directory for 1892, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 244. [33] See appendix 1. [34] Brown’s Toronto General Directory, 1856, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Maclear & Co.), 48. [35] Toronto directory for 1876, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Fisher & Taylor Publishers), 104. [36] Toronto directory for 1879, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Might & Taylor, Publishers), 118. [37] Charles E. Goad, 1880 Insurance Plan of the City of Toronto, 1880, G3524 .T6 G475 1880- 1924, Map Collection, University of Toronto Libraries, Toronto, Canada. [38] “The New Dominion Bank,” Globe, Mar. 15, 1878. [39] See appendix 2. [40] J. Ross Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto, (Toronto, Ontario: J. Ross Robertson), 51. [41] Charles E. Goad, 1910 Insurance Plan of the City of Toronto, plate 7. [42] Charles E. Goad, 1913 Insurance Plan of the City of Toronto, plate 7. [43] Toronto City Directory 1911, vol. XXXVI, “Street Directory,” (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 191. [44] The Toronto city directory for 1915, “Street Directory”, (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 260. [45] Charles E. Goad, 1924 Insurance Plan of the City of Toronto, plate 7. [46] Toronto City Directory 1911, vol. XXXVI, “Street Directory,” (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 193. [47] Might's Greater Toronto city directory of 1913, “Street Directory,” (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 222. [48] “Sky-Scraper Problem Back to the Council,” Globe, Feb. 18, 1913. [49] “Big Bank Building Has First Fatality,” Globe, Nov. 25, 1913. [50] “A Source of Danger,” Toronto Star, Nov. 7, 1913. [51] “Ruins at the Heart of the City,” Globe, Jun. 7, 1913. [52] “Noisy Rivetting is Soon to Rack Nerves,” Toronto Star, Sep. 22, 1913. [53] See appendix 3. [54] “New Dominion Bank Building,” Toronto Star, Jun 12, 1914. [55] See appendices 4 and 5. [56] “3,000 Will Inhabit Looming Skyscraper of Great New Bank,” Globe, Sep. 24, 1920 [57] See appendices 6 and 7. [58] See appendix 8. [59] Might's Greater Toronto city directory of 1920, “Street Directory,” (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 316. [60] Might's Greater Toronto city directory of 1925, “Street Directory,” (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 1353. [61] “Newest Skyscraper. Perhaps City’s Last, In Finishing Stages,” Globe and Mail, Aug. 5, 1960. [62] “The Downtown’s Lure for Office Buildings,” Globe and Mail, Jul. 16, 1958. [63] “The Toronto Sky Will be Well Scraped,” Globe and Mail, Nov. 7, 1959. [64] “Downton Redevelopment is like Espionage Drama,” Globe and Mail, Oct. 15, 1959. [65] “Province May Appeal City Zoning Decision,” Globe and Mail, Jun. 28, 1958. [66] “Downton Redevelopment is like Espionage Drama,” Globe and Mail, Oct. 15, 1959. [67] “Engineers to Picket Prudential,” Globe and Mail, Jun. 5, 1961. [68] Might's Greater Toronto city directory of 1960, “Street Directory,” (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 276. [69] “Peter Dickinson: Architect Noted for Simplicity of Designs,” Globe and Mail, Oct. 18, 1961. [70] “The Prudential Building… Dedicated to Serve” (advertisement), Toronto Star, Feb. 3, 1961. [71] “ New Building for Royal Bank on King St. Site,” Globe and Mail, Feb, 2, 1961. [72] Might's Greater Toronto city directory of 1965, “Street Directory,” (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 425. [73] Might's Greater Toronto city directory of 1981, “Street Directory,” (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 489. [74] Might's Greater Toronto city directory of 1985, “Street Directory,” (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 470. [75] Might's City of Toronto (West of Yonge) directory of 1998, “Street Directory,” (Toronto, Ontario: Might’s Directory Company), 233.
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